import fnmatch import functools import io import ntpath import os import posixpath import re import sys from _collections_abc import Sequence from errno import EINVAL, ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP from operator import attrgetter from stat import S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK, S_ISREG, S_ISSOCK, S_ISBLK, S_ISCHR, S_ISFIFO from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes as urlquote_from_bytes supports_symlinks = True if os.name == 'nt': import nt if sys.getwindowsversion()[:2] >= (6, 0): from nt import _getfinalpathname else: supports_symlinks = False _getfinalpathname = None else: nt = None __all__ = [ "PurePath", "PurePosixPath", "PureWindowsPath", "Path", "PosixPath", "WindowsPath", ] # # Internals # # EBADF - guard against macOS `stat` throwing EBADF _IGNORED_ERROS = (ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP) _IGNORED_WINERRORS = ( 21, # ERROR_NOT_READY - drive exists but is not accessible 1921, # ERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME - fix for broken symlink pointing to itself ) def _ignore_error(exception): return (getattr(exception, 'errno', None) in _IGNORED_ERROS or getattr(exception, 'winerror', None) in _IGNORED_WINERRORS) def _is_wildcard_pattern(pat): # Whether this pattern needs actual matching using fnmatch, or can # be looked up directly as a file. return "*" in pat or "?" in pat or "[" in pat class _Flavour(object): """A flavour implements a particular (platform-specific) set of path semantics.""" def __init__(self): self.join = self.sep.join def parse_parts(self, parts): parsed = [] sep = self.sep altsep = self.altsep drv = root = '' it = reversed(parts) for part in it: if not part: continue if altsep: part = part.replace(altsep, sep) drv, root, rel = self.splitroot(part) if sep in rel: for x in reversed(rel.split(sep)): if x and x != '.': parsed.append(sys.intern(x)) else: if rel and rel != '.': parsed.append(sys.intern(rel)) if drv or root: if not drv: # If no drive is present, try to find one in the previous # parts. This makes the result of parsing e.g. # ("C:", "/", "a") reasonably intuitive. for part in it: if not part: continue if altsep: part = part.replace(altsep, sep) drv = self.splitroot(part)[0] if drv: break break if drv or root: parsed.append(drv + root) parsed.reverse() return drv, root, parsed def join_parsed_parts(self, drv, root, parts, drv2, root2, parts2): """ Join the two paths represented by the respective (drive, root, parts) tuples. Return a new (drive, root, parts) tuple. """ if root2: if not drv2 and drv: return drv, root2, [drv + root2] + parts2[1:] elif drv2: if drv2 == drv or self.casefold(drv2) == self.casefold(drv): # Same drive => second path is relative to the first return drv, root, parts + parts2[1:] else: # Second path is non-anchored (common case) return drv, root, parts + parts2 return drv2, root2, parts2 class _WindowsFlavour(_Flavour): # Reference for Windows paths can be found at # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365247%28v=vs.85%29.aspx sep = '\\' altsep = '/' has_drv = True pathmod = ntpath is_supported = (os.name == 'nt') drive_letters = set('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ') ext_namespace_prefix = '\\\\?\\' reserved_names = ( {'CON', 'PRN', 'AUX', 'NUL'} | {'COM%d' % i for i in range(1, 10)} | {'LPT%d' % i for i in range(1, 10)} ) # Interesting findings about extended paths: # - '\\?\c:\a', '//?/c:\a' and '//?/c:/a' are all supported # but '\\?\c:/a' is not # - extended paths are always absolute; "relative" extended paths will # fail. def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep): first = part[0:1] second = part[1:2] if (second == sep and first == sep): # XXX extended paths should also disable the collapsing of "." # components (according to MSDN docs). prefix, part = self._split_extended_path(part) first = part[0:1] second = part[1:2] else: prefix = '' third = part[2:3] if (second == sep and first == sep and third != sep): # is a UNC path: # vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv root # \\machine\mountpoint\directory\etc\... # directory ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ index = part.find(sep, 2) if index != -1: index2 = part.find(sep, index + 1) # a UNC path can't have two slashes in a row # (after the initial two) if index2 != index + 1: if index2 == -1: index2 = len(part) if prefix: return prefix + part[1:index2], sep, part[index2+1:] else: return part[:index2], sep, part[index2+1:] drv = root = '' if second == ':' and first in self.drive_letters: drv = part[:2] part = part[2:] first = third if first == sep: root = first part = part.lstrip(sep) return prefix + drv, root, part def casefold(self, s): return s.lower() def casefold_parts(self, parts): return [p.lower() for p in parts] def compile_pattern(self, pattern): return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pattern), re.IGNORECASE).fullmatch def resolve(self, path, strict=False): s = str(path) if not s: return os.getcwd() previous_s = None if _getfinalpathname is not None: if strict: return self._ext_to_normal(_getfinalpathname(s)) else: tail_parts = [] # End of the path after the first one not found while True: try: s = self._ext_to_normal(_getfinalpathname(s)) except FileNotFoundError: previous_s = s s, tail = os.path.split(s) tail_parts.append(tail) if previous_s == s: return path else: return os.path.join(s, *reversed(tail_parts)) # Means fallback on absolute return None def _split_extended_path(self, s, ext_prefix=ext_namespace_prefix): prefix = '' if s.startswith(ext_prefix): prefix = s[:4] s = s[4:] if s.startswith('UNC\\'): prefix += s[:3] s = '\\' + s[3:] return prefix, s def _ext_to_normal(self, s): # Turn back an extended path into a normal DOS-like path return self._split_extended_path(s)[1] def is_reserved(self, parts): # NOTE: the rules for reserved names seem somewhat complicated # (e.g. r"..\NUL" is reserved but not r"foo\NUL"). # We err on the side of caution and return True for paths which are # not considered reserved by Windows. if not parts: return False if parts[0].startswith('\\\\'): # UNC paths are never reserved return False return parts[-1].partition('.')[0].upper() in self.reserved_names def make_uri(self, path): # Under Windows, file URIs use the UTF-8 encoding. drive = path.drive if len(drive) == 2 and drive[1] == ':': # It's a path on a local drive => 'file:///c:/a/b' rest = path.as_posix()[2:].lstrip('/') return 'file:///%s/%s' % ( drive, urlquote_from_bytes(rest.encode('utf-8'))) else: # It's a path on a network drive => 'file://host/share/a/b' return 'file:' + urlquote_from_bytes(path.as_posix().encode('utf-8')) def gethomedir(self, username): if 'USERPROFILE' in os.environ: userhome = os.environ['USERPROFILE'] elif 'HOMEPATH' in os.environ: try: drv = os.environ['HOMEDRIVE'] except KeyError: drv = '' userhome = drv + os.environ['HOMEPATH'] else: raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory") if username: # Try to guess user home directory. By default all users # directories are located in the same place and are named by # corresponding usernames. If current user home directory points # to nonstandard place, this guess is likely wrong. if os.environ['USERNAME'] != username: drv, root, parts = self.parse_parts((userhome,)) if parts[-1] != os.environ['USERNAME']: raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory " "for %r" % username) parts[-1] = username if drv or root: userhome = drv + root + self.join(parts[1:]) else: userhome = self.join(parts) return userhome class _PosixFlavour(_Flavour): sep = '/' altsep = '' has_drv = False pathmod = posixpath is_supported = (os.name != 'nt') def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep): if part and part[0] == sep: stripped_part = part.lstrip(sep) # According to POSIX path resolution: # http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_11 # "A pathname that begins with two successive slashes may be # interpreted in an implementation-defined manner, although more # than two leading slashes shall be treated as a single slash". if len(part) - len(stripped_part) == 2: return '', sep * 2, stripped_part else: return '', sep, stripped_part else: return '', '', part def casefold(self, s): return s def casefold_parts(self, parts): return parts def compile_pattern(self, pattern): return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pattern)).fullmatch def resolve(self, path, strict=False): sep = self.sep accessor = path._accessor seen = {} def _resolve(path, rest): if rest.startswith(sep): path = '' for name in rest.split(sep): if not name or name == '.': # current dir continue if name == '..': # parent dir path, _, _ = path.rpartition(sep) continue if path.endswith(sep): newpath = path + name else: newpath = path + sep + name if newpath in seen: # Already seen this path path = seen[newpath] if path is not None: # use cached value continue # The symlink is not resolved, so we must have a symlink loop. raise RuntimeError("Symlink loop from %r" % newpath) # Resolve the symbolic link try: target = accessor.readlink(newpath) except OSError as e: if e.errno != EINVAL and strict: raise # Not a symlink, or non-strict mode. We just leave the path # untouched. path = newpath else: seen[newpath] = None # not resolved symlink path = _resolve(path, target) seen[newpath] = path # resolved symlink return path # NOTE: according to POSIX, getcwd() cannot contain path components # which are symlinks. base = '' if path.is_absolute() else os.getcwd() return _resolve(base, str(path)) or sep def is_reserved(self, parts): return False def make_uri(self, path): # We represent the path using the local filesystem encoding, # for portability to other applications. bpath = bytes(path) return 'file://' + urlquote_from_bytes(bpath) def gethomedir(self, username): if not username: try: return os.environ['HOME'] except KeyError: import pwd return pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid()).pw_dir else: import pwd try: return pwd.getpwnam(username).pw_dir except KeyError: raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory " "for %r" % username) _windows_flavour = _WindowsFlavour() _posix_flavour = _PosixFlavour() class _Accessor: """An accessor implements a particular (system-specific or not) way of accessing paths on the filesystem.""" class _NormalAccessor(_Accessor): stat = os.stat lstat = os.lstat open = os.open listdir = os.listdir scandir = os.scandir chmod = os.chmod if hasattr(os, "lchmod"): lchmod = os.lchmod else: def lchmod(self, pathobj, mode): raise NotImplementedError("lchmod() not available on this system") mkdir = os.mkdir unlink = os.unlink if hasattr(os, "link"): link_to = os.link else: @staticmethod def link_to(self, target): raise NotImplementedError("os.link() not available on this system") rmdir = os.rmdir rename = os.rename replace = os.replace if nt: if supports_symlinks: symlink = os.symlink else: def symlink(a, b, target_is_directory): raise NotImplementedError("symlink() not available on this system") else: # Under POSIX, os.symlink() takes two args @staticmethod def symlink(a, b, target_is_directory): return os.symlink(a, b) utime = os.utime # Helper for resolve() def readlink(self, path): return os.readlink(path) def owner(self, path): try: import pwd return pwd.getpwuid(self.stat(path).st_uid).pw_name except ImportError: raise NotImplementedError("Path.owner() is unsupported on this system") def group(self, path): try: import grp return grp.getgrgid(self.stat(path).st_gid).gr_name except ImportError: raise NotImplementedError("Path.group() is unsupported on this system") _normal_accessor = _NormalAccessor() # # Globbing helpers # def _make_selector(pattern_parts, flavour): pat = pattern_parts[0] child_parts = pattern_parts[1:] if pat == '**': cls = _RecursiveWildcardSelector elif '**' in pat: raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component") elif _is_wildcard_pattern(pat): cls = _WildcardSelector else: cls = _PreciseSelector return cls(pat, child_parts, flavour) if hasattr(functools, "lru_cache"): _make_selector = functools.lru_cache()(_make_selector) class _Selector: """A selector matches a specific glob pattern part against the children of a given path.""" def __init__(self, child_parts, flavour): self.child_parts = child_parts if child_parts: self.successor = _make_selector(child_parts, flavour) self.dironly = True else: self.successor = _TerminatingSelector() self.dironly = False def select_from(self, parent_path): """Iterate over all child paths of `parent_path` matched by this selector. This can contain parent_path itself.""" path_cls = type(parent_path) is_dir = path_cls.is_dir exists = path_cls.exists scandir = parent_path._accessor.scandir if not is_dir(parent_path): return iter([]) return self._select_from(parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir) class _TerminatingSelector: def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir): yield parent_path class _PreciseSelector(_Selector): def __init__(self, name, child_parts, flavour): self.name = name _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour) def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir): try: path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(self.name) if (is_dir if self.dironly else exists)(path): for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, scandir): yield p except PermissionError: return class _WildcardSelector(_Selector): def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour): self.match = flavour.compile_pattern(pat) _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour) def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir): try: with scandir(parent_path) as scandir_it: entries = list(scandir_it) for entry in entries: if self.dironly: try: # "entry.is_dir()" can raise PermissionError # in some cases (see bpo-38894), which is not # among the errors ignored by _ignore_error() if not entry.is_dir(): continue except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise continue name = entry.name if self.match(name): path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(name) for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, scandir): yield p except PermissionError: return class _RecursiveWildcardSelector(_Selector): def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour): _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour) def _iterate_directories(self, parent_path, is_dir, scandir): yield parent_path try: with scandir(parent_path) as scandir_it: entries = list(scandir_it) for entry in entries: entry_is_dir = False try: entry_is_dir = entry.is_dir() except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise if entry_is_dir and not entry.is_symlink(): path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(entry.name) for p in self._iterate_directories(path, is_dir, scandir): yield p except PermissionError: return def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir): try: yielded = set() try: successor_select = self.successor._select_from for starting_point in self._iterate_directories(parent_path, is_dir, scandir): for p in successor_select(starting_point, is_dir, exists, scandir): if p not in yielded: yield p yielded.add(p) finally: yielded.clear() except PermissionError: return # # Public API # class _PathParents(Sequence): """This object provides sequence-like access to the logical ancestors of a path. Don't try to construct it yourself.""" __slots__ = ('_pathcls', '_drv', '_root', '_parts') def __init__(self, path): # We don't store the instance to avoid reference cycles self._pathcls = type(path) self._drv = path._drv self._root = path._root self._parts = path._parts def __len__(self): if self._drv or self._root: return len(self._parts) - 1 else: return len(self._parts) def __getitem__(self, idx): if idx < 0 or idx >= len(self): raise IndexError(idx) return self._pathcls._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, self._parts[:-idx - 1]) def __repr__(self): return "<{}.parents>".format(self._pathcls.__name__) class PurePath(object): """Base class for manipulating paths without I/O. PurePath represents a filesystem path and offers operations which don't imply any actual filesystem I/O. Depending on your system, instantiating a PurePath will return either a PurePosixPath or a PureWindowsPath object. You can also instantiate either of these classes directly, regardless of your system. """ __slots__ = ( '_drv', '_root', '_parts', '_str', '_hash', '_pparts', '_cached_cparts', ) def __new__(cls, *args): """Construct a PurePath from one or several strings and or existing PurePath objects. The strings and path objects are combined so as to yield a canonicalized path, which is incorporated into the new PurePath object. """ if cls is PurePath: cls = PureWindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PurePosixPath return cls._from_parts(args) def __reduce__(self): # Using the parts tuple helps share interned path parts # when pickling related paths. return (self.__class__, tuple(self._parts)) @classmethod def _parse_args(cls, args): # This is useful when you don't want to create an instance, just # canonicalize some constructor arguments. parts = [] for a in args: if isinstance(a, PurePath): parts += a._parts else: a = os.fspath(a) if isinstance(a, str): # Force-cast str subclasses to str (issue #21127) parts.append(str(a)) else: raise TypeError( "argument should be a str object or an os.PathLike " "object returning str, not %r" % type(a)) return cls._flavour.parse_parts(parts) @classmethod def _from_parts(cls, args, init=True): # We need to call _parse_args on the instance, so as to get the # right flavour. self = object.__new__(cls) drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args) self._drv = drv self._root = root self._parts = parts if init: self._init() return self @classmethod def _from_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts, init=True): self = object.__new__(cls) self._drv = drv self._root = root self._parts = parts if init: self._init() return self @classmethod def _format_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts): if drv or root: return drv + root + cls._flavour.join(parts[1:]) else: return cls._flavour.join(parts) def _init(self): # Overridden in concrete Path pass def _make_child(self, args): drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args) drv, root, parts = self._flavour.join_parsed_parts( self._drv, self._root, self._parts, drv, root, parts) return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts) def __str__(self): """Return the string representation of the path, suitable for passing to system calls.""" try: return self._str except AttributeError: self._str = self._format_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, self._parts) or '.' return self._str def __fspath__(self): return str(self) def as_posix(self): """Return the string representation of the path with forward (/) slashes.""" f = self._flavour return str(self).replace(f.sep, '/') def __bytes__(self): """Return the bytes representation of the path. This is only recommended to use under Unix.""" return os.fsencode(self) def __repr__(self): return "{}({!r})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.as_posix()) def as_uri(self): """Return the path as a 'file' URI.""" if not self.is_absolute(): raise ValueError("relative path can't be expressed as a file URI") return self._flavour.make_uri(self) @property def _cparts(self): # Cached casefolded parts, for hashing and comparison try: return self._cached_cparts except AttributeError: self._cached_cparts = self._flavour.casefold_parts(self._parts) return self._cached_cparts def __eq__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath): return NotImplemented return self._cparts == other._cparts and self._flavour is other._flavour def __hash__(self): try: return self._hash except AttributeError: self._hash = hash(tuple(self._cparts)) return self._hash def __lt__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: return NotImplemented return self._cparts < other._cparts def __le__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: return NotImplemented return self._cparts <= other._cparts def __gt__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: return NotImplemented return self._cparts > other._cparts def __ge__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: return NotImplemented return self._cparts >= other._cparts def __class_getitem__(cls, type): return cls drive = property(attrgetter('_drv'), doc="""The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any.""") root = property(attrgetter('_root'), doc="""The root of the path, if any.""") @property def anchor(self): """The concatenation of the drive and root, or ''.""" anchor = self._drv + self._root return anchor @property def name(self): """The final path component, if any.""" parts = self._parts if len(parts) == (1 if (self._drv or self._root) else 0): return '' return parts[-1] @property def suffix(self): """ The final component's last suffix, if any. This includes the leading period. For example: '.txt' """ name = self.name i = name.rfind('.') if 0 < i < len(name) - 1: return name[i:] else: return '' @property def suffixes(self): """ A list of the final component's suffixes, if any. These include the leading periods. For example: ['.tar', '.gz'] """ name = self.name if name.endswith('.'): return [] name = name.lstrip('.') return ['.' + suffix for suffix in name.split('.')[1:]] @property def stem(self): """The final path component, minus its last suffix.""" name = self.name i = name.rfind('.') if 0 < i < len(name) - 1: return name[:i] else: return name def with_name(self, name): """Return a new path with the file name changed.""" if not self.name: raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,)) drv, root, parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((name,)) if (not name or name[-1] in [self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep] or drv or root or len(parts) != 1): raise ValueError("Invalid name %r" % (name)) return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, self._parts[:-1] + [name]) def with_stem(self, stem): """Return a new path with the stem changed.""" return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix) def with_suffix(self, suffix): """Return a new path with the file suffix changed. If the path has no suffix, add given suffix. If the given suffix is an empty string, remove the suffix from the path. """ f = self._flavour if f.sep in suffix or f.altsep and f.altsep in suffix: raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix,)) if suffix and not suffix.startswith('.') or suffix == '.': raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix)) name = self.name if not name: raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,)) old_suffix = self.suffix if not old_suffix: name = name + suffix else: name = name[:-len(old_suffix)] + suffix return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, self._parts[:-1] + [name]) def relative_to(self, *other): """Return the relative path to another path identified by the passed arguments. If the operation is not possible (because this is not a subpath of the other path), raise ValueError. """ # For the purpose of this method, drive and root are considered # separate parts, i.e.: # Path('c:/').relative_to('c:') gives Path('/') # Path('c:/').relative_to('/') raise ValueError if not other: raise TypeError("need at least one argument") parts = self._parts drv = self._drv root = self._root if root: abs_parts = [drv, root] + parts[1:] else: abs_parts = parts to_drv, to_root, to_parts = self._parse_args(other) if to_root: to_abs_parts = [to_drv, to_root] + to_parts[1:] else: to_abs_parts = to_parts n = len(to_abs_parts) cf = self._flavour.casefold_parts if (root or drv) if n == 0 else cf(abs_parts[:n]) != cf(to_abs_parts): formatted = self._format_parsed_parts(to_drv, to_root, to_parts) raise ValueError("{!r} is not in the subpath of {!r}" " OR one path is relative and the other is absolute." .format(str(self), str(formatted))) return self._from_parsed_parts('', root if n == 1 else '', abs_parts[n:]) def is_relative_to(self, *other): """Return True if the path is relative to another path or False. """ try: self.relative_to(*other) return True except ValueError: return False @property def parts(self): """An object providing sequence-like access to the components in the filesystem path.""" # We cache the tuple to avoid building a new one each time .parts # is accessed. XXX is this necessary? try: return self._pparts except AttributeError: self._pparts = tuple(self._parts) return self._pparts def joinpath(self, *args): """Combine this path with one or several arguments, and return a new path representing either a subpath (if all arguments are relative paths) or a totally different path (if one of the arguments is anchored). """ return self._make_child(args) def __truediv__(self, key): try: return self._make_child((key,)) except TypeError: return NotImplemented def __rtruediv__(self, key): try: return self._from_parts([key] + self._parts) except TypeError: return NotImplemented @property def parent(self): """The logical parent of the path.""" drv = self._drv root = self._root parts = self._parts if len(parts) == 1 and (drv or root): return self return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts[:-1]) @property def parents(self): """A sequence of this path's logical parents.""" return _PathParents(self) def is_absolute(self): """True if the path is absolute (has both a root and, if applicable, a drive).""" if not self._root: return False return not self._flavour.has_drv or bool(self._drv) def is_reserved(self): """Return True if the path contains one of the special names reserved by the system, if any.""" return self._flavour.is_reserved(self._parts) def match(self, path_pattern): """ Return True if this path matches the given pattern. """ cf = self._flavour.casefold path_pattern = cf(path_pattern) drv, root, pat_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((path_pattern,)) if not pat_parts: raise ValueError("empty pattern") if drv and drv != cf(self._drv): return False if root and root != cf(self._root): return False parts = self._cparts if drv or root: if len(pat_parts) != len(parts): return False pat_parts = pat_parts[1:] elif len(pat_parts) > len(parts): return False for part, pat in zip(reversed(parts), reversed(pat_parts)): if not fnmatch.fnmatchcase(part, pat): return False return True # Can't subclass os.PathLike from PurePath and keep the constructor # optimizations in PurePath._parse_args(). os.PathLike.register(PurePath) class PurePosixPath(PurePath): """PurePath subclass for non-Windows systems. On a POSIX system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object. However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system. """ _flavour = _posix_flavour __slots__ = () class PureWindowsPath(PurePath): """PurePath subclass for Windows systems. On a Windows system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object. However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system. """ _flavour = _windows_flavour __slots__ = () # Filesystem-accessing classes class Path(PurePath): """PurePath subclass that can make system calls. Path represents a filesystem path but unlike PurePath, also offers methods to do system calls on path objects. Depending on your system, instantiating a Path will return either a PosixPath or a WindowsPath object. You can also instantiate a PosixPath or WindowsPath directly, but cannot instantiate a WindowsPath on a POSIX system or vice versa. """ __slots__ = ( '_accessor', ) def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if cls is Path: cls = WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PosixPath self = cls._from_parts(args, init=False) if not self._flavour.is_supported: raise NotImplementedError("cannot instantiate %r on your system" % (cls.__name__,)) self._init() return self def _init(self, # Private non-constructor arguments template=None, ): if template is not None: self._accessor = template._accessor else: self._accessor = _normal_accessor def _make_child_relpath(self, part): # This is an optimization used for dir walking. `part` must be # a single part relative to this path. parts = self._parts + [part] return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, parts) def __enter__(self): return self def __exit__(self, t, v, tb): # https://bugs.python.org/issue39682 # In previous versions of pathlib, this method marked this path as # closed; subsequent attempts to perform I/O would raise an IOError. # This functionality was never documented, and had the effect of # making Path objects mutable, contrary to PEP 428. In Python 3.9 the # _closed attribute was removed, and this method made a no-op. # This method and __enter__()/__exit__() should be deprecated and # removed in the future. pass def _opener(self, name, flags, mode=0o666): # A stub for the opener argument to built-in open() return self._accessor.open(self, flags, mode) def _raw_open(self, flags, mode=0o777): """ Open the file pointed by this path and return a file descriptor, as os.open() does. """ return self._accessor.open(self, flags, mode) # Public API @classmethod def cwd(cls): """Return a new path pointing to the current working directory (as returned by os.getcwd()). """ return cls(os.getcwd()) @classmethod def home(cls): """Return a new path pointing to the user's home directory (as returned by os.path.expanduser('~')). """ return cls(cls()._flavour.gethomedir(None)) def samefile(self, other_path): """Return whether other_path is the same or not as this file (as returned by os.path.samefile()). """ st = self.stat() try: other_st = other_path.stat() except AttributeError: other_st = self._accessor.stat(other_path) return os.path.samestat(st, other_st) def iterdir(self): """Iterate over the files in this directory. Does not yield any result for the special paths '.' and '..'. """ for name in self._accessor.listdir(self): if name in {'.', '..'}: # Yielding a path object for these makes little sense continue yield self._make_child_relpath(name) def glob(self, pattern): """Iterate over this subtree and yield all existing files (of any kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern. """ sys.audit("pathlib.Path.glob", self, pattern) if not pattern: raise ValueError("Unacceptable pattern: {!r}".format(pattern)) drv, root, pattern_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((pattern,)) if drv or root: raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported") selector = _make_selector(tuple(pattern_parts), self._flavour) for p in selector.select_from(self): yield p def rglob(self, pattern): """Recursively yield all existing files (of any kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern, anywhere in this subtree. """ sys.audit("pathlib.Path.rglob", self, pattern) drv, root, pattern_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((pattern,)) if drv or root: raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported") selector = _make_selector(("**",) + tuple(pattern_parts), self._flavour) for p in selector.select_from(self): yield p def absolute(self): """Return an absolute version of this path. This function works even if the path doesn't point to anything. No normalization is done, i.e. all '.' and '..' will be kept along. Use resolve() to get the canonical path to a file. """ # XXX untested yet! if self.is_absolute(): return self # FIXME this must defer to the specific flavour (and, under Windows, # use nt._getfullpathname()) obj = self._from_parts([os.getcwd()] + self._parts, init=False) obj._init(template=self) return obj def resolve(self, strict=False): """ Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also normalizing it (for example turning slashes into backslashes under Windows). """ s = self._flavour.resolve(self, strict=strict) if s is None: # No symlink resolution => for consistency, raise an error if # the path doesn't exist or is forbidden self.stat() s = str(self.absolute()) # Now we have no symlinks in the path, it's safe to normalize it. normed = self._flavour.pathmod.normpath(s) obj = self._from_parts((normed,), init=False) obj._init(template=self) return obj def stat(self): """ Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like os.stat() does. """ return self._accessor.stat(self) def owner(self): """ Return the login name of the file owner. """ return self._accessor.owner(self) def group(self): """ Return the group name of the file gid. """ return self._accessor.group(self) def open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None): """ Open the file pointed by this path and return a file object, as the built-in open() function does. """ return io.open(self, mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline, opener=self._opener) def read_bytes(self): """ Open the file in bytes mode, read it, and close the file. """ with self.open(mode='rb') as f: return f.read() def read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None): """ Open the file in text mode, read it, and close the file. """ with self.open(mode='r', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f: return f.read() def write_bytes(self, data): """ Open the file in bytes mode, write to it, and close the file. """ # type-check for the buffer interface before truncating the file view = memoryview(data) with self.open(mode='wb') as f: return f.write(view) def write_text(self, data, encoding=None, errors=None): """ Open the file in text mode, write to it, and close the file. """ if not isinstance(data, str): raise TypeError('data must be str, not %s' % data.__class__.__name__) with self.open(mode='w', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f: return f.write(data) def readlink(self): """ Return the path to which the symbolic link points. """ path = self._accessor.readlink(self) obj = self._from_parts((path,), init=False) obj._init(template=self) return obj def touch(self, mode=0o666, exist_ok=True): """ Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist. """ if exist_ok: # First try to bump modification time # Implementation note: GNU touch uses the UTIME_NOW option of # the utimensat() / futimens() functions. try: self._accessor.utime(self, None) except OSError: # Avoid exception chaining pass else: return flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY if not exist_ok: flags |= os.O_EXCL fd = self._raw_open(flags, mode) os.close(fd) def mkdir(self, mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False): """ Create a new directory at this given path. """ try: self._accessor.mkdir(self, mode) except FileNotFoundError: if not parents or self.parent == self: raise self.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) self.mkdir(mode, parents=False, exist_ok=exist_ok) except OSError: # Cannot rely on checking for EEXIST, since the operating system # could give priority to other errors like EACCES or EROFS if not exist_ok or not self.is_dir(): raise def chmod(self, mode): """ Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod(). """ self._accessor.chmod(self, mode) def lchmod(self, mode): """ Like chmod(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's permissions are changed, rather than its target's. """ self._accessor.lchmod(self, mode) def unlink(self, missing_ok=False): """ Remove this file or link. If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead. """ try: self._accessor.unlink(self) except FileNotFoundError: if not missing_ok: raise def rmdir(self): """ Remove this directory. The directory must be empty. """ self._accessor.rmdir(self) def lstat(self): """ Like stat(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's status information is returned, rather than its target's. """ return self._accessor.lstat(self) def link_to(self, target): """ Create a hard link pointing to a path named target. """ self._accessor.link_to(self, target) def rename(self, target): """ Rename this path to the target path. The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the directory of the Path object. Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path. """ self._accessor.rename(self, target) return self.__class__(target) def replace(self, target): """ Rename this path to the target path, overwriting if that path exists. The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the directory of the Path object. Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path. """ self._accessor.replace(self, target) return self.__class__(target) def symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False): """ Make this path a symlink pointing to the given path. Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.symlink's. """ self._accessor.symlink(target, self, target_is_directory) # Convenience functions for querying the stat results def exists(self): """ Whether this path exists. """ try: self.stat() except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False return True def is_dir(self): """ Whether this path is a directory. """ try: return S_ISDIR(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_file(self): """ Whether this path is a regular file (also True for symlinks pointing to regular files). """ try: return S_ISREG(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_mount(self): """ Check if this path is a POSIX mount point """ # Need to exist and be a dir if not self.exists() or not self.is_dir(): return False try: parent_dev = self.parent.stat().st_dev except OSError: return False dev = self.stat().st_dev if dev != parent_dev: return True ino = self.stat().st_ino parent_ino = self.parent.stat().st_ino return ino == parent_ino def is_symlink(self): """ Whether this path is a symbolic link. """ try: return S_ISLNK(self.lstat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_block_device(self): """ Whether this path is a block device. """ try: return S_ISBLK(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_char_device(self): """ Whether this path is a character device. """ try: return S_ISCHR(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_fifo(self): """ Whether this path is a FIFO. """ try: return S_ISFIFO(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_socket(self): """ Whether this path is a socket. """ try: return S_ISSOCK(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def expanduser(self): """ Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs (as returned by os.path.expanduser) """ if (not (self._drv or self._root) and self._parts and self._parts[0][:1] == '~'): homedir = self._flavour.gethomedir(self._parts[0][1:]) return self._from_parts([homedir] + self._parts[1:]) return self class PosixPath(Path, PurePosixPath): """Path subclass for non-Windows systems. On a POSIX system, instantiating a Path should return this object. """ __slots__ = () class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath): """Path subclass for Windows systems. On a Windows system, instantiating a Path should return this object. """ __slots__ = () def is_mount(self): raise NotImplementedError("Path.is_mount() is unsupported on this system")