import sys from types import MappingProxyType, DynamicClassAttribute __all__ = [ 'EnumMeta', 'Enum', 'IntEnum', 'Flag', 'IntFlag', 'auto', 'unique', ] def _is_descriptor(obj): """ Returns True if obj is a descriptor, False otherwise. """ return ( hasattr(obj, '__get__') or hasattr(obj, '__set__') or hasattr(obj, '__delete__') ) def _is_dunder(name): """ Returns True if a __dunder__ name, False otherwise. """ return ( len(name) > 4 and name[:2] == name[-2:] == '__' and name[2] != '_' and name[-3] != '_' ) def _is_sunder(name): """ Returns True if a _sunder_ name, False otherwise. """ return ( len(name) > 2 and name[0] == name[-1] == '_' and name[1:2] != '_' and name[-2:-1] != '_' ) def _is_private(cls_name, name): # do not use `re` as `re` imports `enum` pattern = '_%s__' % (cls_name, ) if ( len(name) >= 5 and name.startswith(pattern) and name[len(pattern)] != '_' and (name[-1] != '_' or name[-2] != '_') ): return True else: return False def _make_class_unpicklable(cls): """ Make the given class un-picklable. """ def _break_on_call_reduce(self, proto): raise TypeError('%r cannot be pickled' % self) cls.__reduce_ex__ = _break_on_call_reduce cls.__module__ = '<unknown>' _auto_null = object() class auto: """ Instances are replaced with an appropriate value in Enum class suites. """ value = _auto_null class _EnumDict(dict): """ Track enum member order and ensure member names are not reused. EnumMeta will use the names found in self._member_names as the enumeration member names. """ def __init__(self): super().__init__() self._member_names = [] self._last_values = [] self._ignore = [] self._auto_called = False def __setitem__(self, key, value): """ Changes anything not dundered or not a descriptor. If an enum member name is used twice, an error is raised; duplicate values are not checked for. Single underscore (sunder) names are reserved. """ if _is_private(self._cls_name, key): import warnings warnings.warn( "private variables, such as %r, will be normal attributes in 3.10" % (key, ), DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) if _is_sunder(key): if key not in ( '_order_', '_create_pseudo_member_', '_generate_next_value_', '_missing_', '_ignore_', ): raise ValueError('_names_ are reserved for future Enum use') if key == '_generate_next_value_': # check if members already defined as auto() if self._auto_called: raise TypeError("_generate_next_value_ must be defined before members") setattr(self, '_generate_next_value', value) elif key == '_ignore_': if isinstance(value, str): value = value.replace(',',' ').split() else: value = list(value) self._ignore = value already = set(value) & set(self._member_names) if already: raise ValueError( '_ignore_ cannot specify already set names: %r' % (already, ) ) elif _is_dunder(key): if key == '__order__': key = '_order_' elif key in self._member_names: # descriptor overwriting an enum? raise TypeError('Attempted to reuse key: %r' % key) elif key in self._ignore: pass elif not _is_descriptor(value): if key in self: # enum overwriting a descriptor? raise TypeError('%r already defined as: %r' % (key, self[key])) if isinstance(value, auto): if value.value == _auto_null: value.value = self._generate_next_value( key, 1, len(self._member_names), self._last_values[:], ) self._auto_called = True value = value.value self._member_names.append(key) self._last_values.append(value) super().__setitem__(key, value) # Dummy value for Enum as EnumMeta explicitly checks for it, but of course # until EnumMeta finishes running the first time the Enum class doesn't exist. # This is also why there are checks in EnumMeta like `if Enum is not None` Enum = None class EnumMeta(type): """ Metaclass for Enum """ @classmethod def __prepare__(metacls, cls, bases, **kwds): # check that previous enum members do not exist metacls._check_for_existing_members(cls, bases) # create the namespace dict enum_dict = _EnumDict() enum_dict._cls_name = cls # inherit previous flags and _generate_next_value_ function member_type, first_enum = metacls._get_mixins_(cls, bases) if first_enum is not None: enum_dict['_generate_next_value_'] = getattr( first_enum, '_generate_next_value_', None, ) return enum_dict def __new__(metacls, cls, bases, classdict, **kwds): # an Enum class is final once enumeration items have been defined; it # cannot be mixed with other types (int, float, etc.) if it has an # inherited __new__ unless a new __new__ is defined (or the resulting # class will fail). # # remove any keys listed in _ignore_ classdict.setdefault('_ignore_', []).append('_ignore_') ignore = classdict['_ignore_'] for key in ignore: classdict.pop(key, None) member_type, first_enum = metacls._get_mixins_(cls, bases) __new__, save_new, use_args = metacls._find_new_( classdict, member_type, first_enum, ) # save enum items into separate mapping so they don't get baked into # the new class enum_members = {k: classdict[k] for k in classdict._member_names} for name in classdict._member_names: del classdict[name] # adjust the sunders _order_ = classdict.pop('_order_', None) # check for illegal enum names (any others?) invalid_names = set(enum_members) & {'mro', ''} if invalid_names: raise ValueError('Invalid enum member name: {0}'.format( ','.join(invalid_names))) # create a default docstring if one has not been provided if '__doc__' not in classdict: classdict['__doc__'] = 'An enumeration.' enum_class = super().__new__(metacls, cls, bases, classdict, **kwds) enum_class._member_names_ = [] # names in definition order enum_class._member_map_ = {} # name->value map enum_class._member_type_ = member_type # save DynamicClassAttribute attributes from super classes so we know # if we can take the shortcut of storing members in the class dict dynamic_attributes = { k for c in enum_class.mro() for k, v in c.__dict__.items() if isinstance(v, DynamicClassAttribute) } # Reverse value->name map for hashable values. enum_class._value2member_map_ = {} # If a custom type is mixed into the Enum, and it does not know how # to pickle itself, pickle.dumps will succeed but pickle.loads will # fail. Rather than have the error show up later and possibly far # from the source, sabotage the pickle protocol for this class so # that pickle.dumps also fails. # # However, if the new class implements its own __reduce_ex__, do not # sabotage -- it's on them to make sure it works correctly. We use # __reduce_ex__ instead of any of the others as it is preferred by # pickle over __reduce__, and it handles all pickle protocols. if '__reduce_ex__' not in classdict: if member_type is not object: methods = ('__getnewargs_ex__', '__getnewargs__', '__reduce_ex__', '__reduce__') if not any(m in member_type.__dict__ for m in methods): _make_class_unpicklable(enum_class) # instantiate them, checking for duplicates as we go # we instantiate first instead of checking for duplicates first in case # a custom __new__ is doing something funky with the values -- such as # auto-numbering ;) for member_name in classdict._member_names: value = enum_members[member_name] if not isinstance(value, tuple): args = (value, ) else: args = value if member_type is tuple: # special case for tuple enums args = (args, ) # wrap it one more time if not use_args: enum_member = __new__(enum_class) if not hasattr(enum_member, '_value_'): enum_member._value_ = value else: enum_member = __new__(enum_class, *args) if not hasattr(enum_member, '_value_'): if member_type is object: enum_member._value_ = value else: enum_member._value_ = member_type(*args) value = enum_member._value_ enum_member._name_ = member_name enum_member.__objclass__ = enum_class enum_member.__init__(*args) # If another member with the same value was already defined, the # new member becomes an alias to the existing one. for name, canonical_member in enum_class._member_map_.items(): if canonical_member._value_ == enum_member._value_: enum_member = canonical_member break else: # Aliases don't appear in member names (only in __members__). enum_class._member_names_.append(member_name) # performance boost for any member that would not shadow # a DynamicClassAttribute if member_name not in dynamic_attributes: setattr(enum_class, member_name, enum_member) # now add to _member_map_ enum_class._member_map_[member_name] = enum_member try: # This may fail if value is not hashable. We can't add the value # to the map, and by-value lookups for this value will be # linear. enum_class._value2member_map_[value] = enum_member except TypeError: pass # double check that repr and friends are not the mixin's or various # things break (such as pickle) # however, if the method is defined in the Enum itself, don't replace # it for name in ('__repr__', '__str__', '__format__', '__reduce_ex__'): if name in classdict: continue class_method = getattr(enum_class, name) obj_method = getattr(member_type, name, None) enum_method = getattr(first_enum, name, None) if obj_method is not None and obj_method is class_method: setattr(enum_class, name, enum_method) # replace any other __new__ with our own (as long as Enum is not None, # anyway) -- again, this is to support pickle if Enum is not None: # if the user defined their own __new__, save it before it gets # clobbered in case they subclass later if save_new: enum_class.__new_member__ = __new__ enum_class.__new__ = Enum.__new__ # py3 support for definition order (helps keep py2/py3 code in sync) if _order_ is not None: if isinstance(_order_, str): _order_ = _order_.replace(',', ' ').split() if _order_ != enum_class._member_names_: raise TypeError('member order does not match _order_') return enum_class def __bool__(self): """ classes/types should always be True. """ return True def __call__(cls, value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1): """ Either returns an existing member, or creates a new enum class. This method is used both when an enum class is given a value to match to an enumeration member (i.e. Color(3)) and for the functional API (i.e. Color = Enum('Color', names='RED GREEN BLUE')). When used for the functional API: `value` will be the name of the new class. `names` should be either a string of white-space/comma delimited names (values will start at `start`), or an iterator/mapping of name, value pairs. `module` should be set to the module this class is being created in; if it is not set, an attempt to find that module will be made, but if it fails the class will not be picklable. `qualname` should be set to the actual location this class can be found at in its module; by default it is set to the global scope. If this is not correct, unpickling will fail in some circumstances. `type`, if set, will be mixed in as the first base class. """ if names is None: # simple value lookup return cls.__new__(cls, value) # otherwise, functional API: we're creating a new Enum type return cls._create_( value, names, module=module, qualname=qualname, type=type, start=start, ) def __contains__(cls, member): if not isinstance(member, Enum): raise TypeError( "unsupported operand type(s) for 'in': '%s' and '%s'" % ( type(member).__qualname__, cls.__class__.__qualname__)) return isinstance(member, cls) and member._name_ in cls._member_map_ def __delattr__(cls, attr): # nicer error message when someone tries to delete an attribute # (see issue19025). if attr in cls._member_map_: raise AttributeError("%s: cannot delete Enum member." % cls.__name__) super().__delattr__(attr) def __dir__(self): return ( ['__class__', '__doc__', '__members__', '__module__'] + self._member_names_ ) def __getattr__(cls, name): """ Return the enum member matching `name` We use __getattr__ instead of descriptors or inserting into the enum class' __dict__ in order to support `name` and `value` being both properties for enum members (which live in the class' __dict__) and enum members themselves. """ if _is_dunder(name): raise AttributeError(name) try: return cls._member_map_[name] except KeyError: raise AttributeError(name) from None def __getitem__(cls, name): return cls._member_map_[name] def __iter__(cls): """ Returns members in definition order. """ return (cls._member_map_[name] for name in cls._member_names_) def __len__(cls): return len(cls._member_names_) @property def __members__(cls): """ Returns a mapping of member name->value. This mapping lists all enum members, including aliases. Note that this is a read-only view of the internal mapping. """ return MappingProxyType(cls._member_map_) def __repr__(cls): return "<enum %r>" % cls.__name__ def __reversed__(cls): """ Returns members in reverse definition order. """ return (cls._member_map_[name] for name in reversed(cls._member_names_)) def __setattr__(cls, name, value): """ Block attempts to reassign Enum members. A simple assignment to the class namespace only changes one of the several possible ways to get an Enum member from the Enum class, resulting in an inconsistent Enumeration. """ member_map = cls.__dict__.get('_member_map_', {}) if name in member_map: raise AttributeError('Cannot reassign members.') super().__setattr__(name, value) def _create_(cls, class_name, names, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1): """ Convenience method to create a new Enum class. `names` can be: * A string containing member names, separated either with spaces or commas. Values are incremented by 1 from `start`. * An iterable of member names. Values are incremented by 1 from `start`. * An iterable of (member name, value) pairs. * A mapping of member name -> value pairs. """ metacls = cls.__class__ bases = (cls, ) if type is None else (type, cls) _, first_enum = cls._get_mixins_(cls, bases) classdict = metacls.__prepare__(class_name, bases) # special processing needed for names? if isinstance(names, str): names = names.replace(',', ' ').split() if isinstance(names, (tuple, list)) and names and isinstance(names[0], str): original_names, names = names, [] last_values = [] for count, name in enumerate(original_names): value = first_enum._generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values[:]) last_values.append(value) names.append((name, value)) # Here, names is either an iterable of (name, value) or a mapping. for item in names: if isinstance(item, str): member_name, member_value = item, names[item] else: member_name, member_value = item classdict[member_name] = member_value enum_class = metacls.__new__(metacls, class_name, bases, classdict) # TODO: replace the frame hack if a blessed way to know the calling # module is ever developed if module is None: try: module = sys._getframe(2).f_globals['__name__'] except (AttributeError, ValueError, KeyError): pass if module is None: _make_class_unpicklable(enum_class) else: enum_class.__module__ = module if qualname is not None: enum_class.__qualname__ = qualname return enum_class def _convert_(cls, name, module, filter, source=None): """ Create a new Enum subclass that replaces a collection of global constants """ # convert all constants from source (or module) that pass filter() to # a new Enum called name, and export the enum and its members back to # module; # also, replace the __reduce_ex__ method so unpickling works in # previous Python versions module_globals = vars(sys.modules[module]) if source: source = vars(source) else: source = module_globals # _value2member_map_ is populated in the same order every time # for a consistent reverse mapping of number to name when there # are multiple names for the same number. members = [ (name, value) for name, value in source.items() if filter(name)] try: # sort by value members.sort(key=lambda t: (t[1], t[0])) except TypeError: # unless some values aren't comparable, in which case sort by name members.sort(key=lambda t: t[0]) cls = cls(name, members, module=module) cls.__reduce_ex__ = _reduce_ex_by_name module_globals.update(cls.__members__) module_globals[name] = cls return cls @staticmethod def _check_for_existing_members(class_name, bases): for chain in bases: for base in chain.__mro__: if issubclass(base, Enum) and base._member_names_: raise TypeError( "%s: cannot extend enumeration %r" % (class_name, base.__name__) ) @staticmethod def _get_mixins_(class_name, bases): """ Returns the type for creating enum members, and the first inherited enum class. bases: the tuple of bases that was given to __new__ """ if not bases: return object, Enum def _find_data_type(bases): data_types = [] for chain in bases: candidate = None for base in chain.__mro__: if base is object: continue elif issubclass(base, Enum): if base._member_type_ is not object: data_types.append(base._member_type_) break elif '__new__' in base.__dict__: if issubclass(base, Enum): continue data_types.append(candidate or base) break else: candidate = base if len(data_types) > 1: raise TypeError('%r: too many data types: %r' % (class_name, data_types)) elif data_types: return data_types[0] else: return None # ensure final parent class is an Enum derivative, find any concrete # data type, and check that Enum has no members first_enum = bases[-1] if not issubclass(first_enum, Enum): raise TypeError("new enumerations should be created as " "`EnumName([mixin_type, ...] [data_type,] enum_type)`") member_type = _find_data_type(bases) or object if first_enum._member_names_: raise TypeError("Cannot extend enumerations") return member_type, first_enum @staticmethod def _find_new_(classdict, member_type, first_enum): """ Returns the __new__ to be used for creating the enum members. classdict: the class dictionary given to __new__ member_type: the data type whose __new__ will be used by default first_enum: enumeration to check for an overriding __new__ """ # now find the correct __new__, checking to see of one was defined # by the user; also check earlier enum classes in case a __new__ was # saved as __new_member__ __new__ = classdict.get('__new__', None) # should __new__ be saved as __new_member__ later? save_new = __new__ is not None if __new__ is None: # check all possibles for __new_member__ before falling back to # __new__ for method in ('__new_member__', '__new__'): for possible in (member_type, first_enum): target = getattr(possible, method, None) if target not in { None, None.__new__, object.__new__, Enum.__new__, }: __new__ = target break if __new__ is not None: break else: __new__ = object.__new__ # if a non-object.__new__ is used then whatever value/tuple was # assigned to the enum member name will be passed to __new__ and to the # new enum member's __init__ if __new__ is object.__new__: use_args = False else: use_args = True return __new__, save_new, use_args class Enum(metaclass=EnumMeta): """ Generic enumeration. Derive from this class to define new enumerations. """ def __new__(cls, value): # all enum instances are actually created during class construction # without calling this method; this method is called by the metaclass' # __call__ (i.e. Color(3) ), and by pickle if type(value) is cls: # For lookups like Color(Color.RED) return value # by-value search for a matching enum member # see if it's in the reverse mapping (for hashable values) try: return cls._value2member_map_[value] except KeyError: # Not found, no need to do long O(n) search pass except TypeError: # not there, now do long search -- O(n) behavior for member in cls._member_map_.values(): if member._value_ == value: return member # still not found -- try _missing_ hook try: exc = None result = cls._missing_(value) except Exception as e: exc = e result = None if isinstance(result, cls): return result else: ve_exc = ValueError("%r is not a valid %s" % (value, cls.__qualname__)) if result is None and exc is None: raise ve_exc elif exc is None: exc = TypeError( 'error in %s._missing_: returned %r instead of None or a valid member' % (cls.__name__, result) ) exc.__context__ = ve_exc raise exc def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values): """ Generate the next value when not given. name: the name of the member start: the initial start value or None count: the number of existing members last_value: the last value assigned or None """ for last_value in reversed(last_values): try: return last_value + 1 except TypeError: pass else: return start @classmethod def _missing_(cls, value): return None def __repr__(self): return "<%s.%s: %r>" % ( self.__class__.__name__, self._name_, self._value_) def __str__(self): return "%s.%s" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._name_) def __dir__(self): """ Returns all members and all public methods """ added_behavior = [ m for cls in self.__class__.mro() for m in cls.__dict__ if m[0] != '_' and m not in self._member_map_ ] + [m for m in self.__dict__ if m[0] != '_'] return (['__class__', '__doc__', '__module__'] + added_behavior) def __format__(self, format_spec): """ Returns format using actual value type unless __str__ has been overridden. """ # mixed-in Enums should use the mixed-in type's __format__, otherwise # we can get strange results with the Enum name showing up instead of # the value # pure Enum branch, or branch with __str__ explicitly overridden str_overridden = type(self).__str__ not in (Enum.__str__, Flag.__str__) if self._member_type_ is object or str_overridden: cls = str val = str(self) # mix-in branch else: cls = self._member_type_ val = self._value_ return cls.__format__(val, format_spec) def __hash__(self): return hash(self._name_) def __reduce_ex__(self, proto): return self.__class__, (self._value_, ) # DynamicClassAttribute is used to provide access to the `name` and # `value` properties of enum members while keeping some measure of # protection from modification, while still allowing for an enumeration # to have members named `name` and `value`. This works because enumeration # members are not set directly on the enum class -- __getattr__ is # used to look them up. @DynamicClassAttribute def name(self): """The name of the Enum member.""" return self._name_ @DynamicClassAttribute def value(self): """The value of the Enum member.""" return self._value_ class IntEnum(int, Enum): """Enum where members are also (and must be) ints""" def _reduce_ex_by_name(self, proto): return self.name class Flag(Enum): """ Support for flags """ def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values): """ Generate the next value when not given. name: the name of the member start: the initial start value or None count: the number of existing members last_value: the last value assigned or None """ if not count: return start if start is not None else 1 for last_value in reversed(last_values): try: high_bit = _high_bit(last_value) break except Exception: raise TypeError('Invalid Flag value: %r' % last_value) from None return 2 ** (high_bit+1) @classmethod def _missing_(cls, value): """ Returns member (possibly creating it) if one can be found for value. """ original_value = value if value < 0: value = ~value possible_member = cls._create_pseudo_member_(value) if original_value < 0: possible_member = ~possible_member return possible_member @classmethod def _create_pseudo_member_(cls, value): """ Create a composite member iff value contains only members. """ pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.get(value, None) if pseudo_member is None: # verify all bits are accounted for _, extra_flags = _decompose(cls, value) if extra_flags: raise ValueError("%r is not a valid %s" % (value, cls.__qualname__)) # construct a singleton enum pseudo-member pseudo_member = object.__new__(cls) pseudo_member._name_ = None pseudo_member._value_ = value # use setdefault in case another thread already created a composite # with this value pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.setdefault(value, pseudo_member) return pseudo_member def __contains__(self, other): """ Returns True if self has at least the same flags set as other. """ if not isinstance(other, self.__class__): raise TypeError( "unsupported operand type(s) for 'in': '%s' and '%s'" % ( type(other).__qualname__, self.__class__.__qualname__)) return other._value_ & self._value_ == other._value_ def __repr__(self): cls = self.__class__ if self._name_ is not None: return '<%s.%s: %r>' % (cls.__name__, self._name_, self._value_) members, uncovered = _decompose(cls, self._value_) return '<%s.%s: %r>' % ( cls.__name__, '|'.join([str(m._name_ or m._value_) for m in members]), self._value_, ) def __str__(self): cls = self.__class__ if self._name_ is not None: return '%s.%s' % (cls.__name__, self._name_) members, uncovered = _decompose(cls, self._value_) if len(members) == 1 and members[0]._name_ is None: return '%s.%r' % (cls.__name__, members[0]._value_) else: return '%s.%s' % ( cls.__name__, '|'.join([str(m._name_ or m._value_) for m in members]), ) def __bool__(self): return bool(self._value_) def __or__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, self.__class__): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(self._value_ | other._value_) def __and__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, self.__class__): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(self._value_ & other._value_) def __xor__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, self.__class__): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(self._value_ ^ other._value_) def __invert__(self): members, uncovered = _decompose(self.__class__, self._value_) inverted = self.__class__(0) for m in self.__class__: if m not in members and not (m._value_ & self._value_): inverted = inverted | m return self.__class__(inverted) class IntFlag(int, Flag): """ Support for integer-based Flags """ @classmethod def _missing_(cls, value): """ Returns member (possibly creating it) if one can be found for value. """ if not isinstance(value, int): raise ValueError("%r is not a valid %s" % (value, cls.__qualname__)) new_member = cls._create_pseudo_member_(value) return new_member @classmethod def _create_pseudo_member_(cls, value): """ Create a composite member iff value contains only members. """ pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.get(value, None) if pseudo_member is None: need_to_create = [value] # get unaccounted for bits _, extra_flags = _decompose(cls, value) # timer = 10 while extra_flags: # timer -= 1 bit = _high_bit(extra_flags) flag_value = 2 ** bit if (flag_value not in cls._value2member_map_ and flag_value not in need_to_create ): need_to_create.append(flag_value) if extra_flags == -flag_value: extra_flags = 0 else: extra_flags ^= flag_value for value in reversed(need_to_create): # construct singleton pseudo-members pseudo_member = int.__new__(cls, value) pseudo_member._name_ = None pseudo_member._value_ = value # use setdefault in case another thread already created a composite # with this value pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.setdefault(value, pseudo_member) return pseudo_member def __or__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, (self.__class__, int)): return NotImplemented result = self.__class__(self._value_ | self.__class__(other)._value_) return result def __and__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, (self.__class__, int)): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(self._value_ & self.__class__(other)._value_) def __xor__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, (self.__class__, int)): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(self._value_ ^ self.__class__(other)._value_) __ror__ = __or__ __rand__ = __and__ __rxor__ = __xor__ def __invert__(self): result = self.__class__(~self._value_) return result def _high_bit(value): """ returns index of highest bit, or -1 if value is zero or negative """ return value.bit_length() - 1 def unique(enumeration): """ Class decorator for enumerations ensuring unique member values. """ duplicates = [] for name, member in enumeration.__members__.items(): if name != member.name: duplicates.append((name, member.name)) if duplicates: alias_details = ', '.join( ["%s -> %s" % (alias, name) for (alias, name) in duplicates]) raise ValueError('duplicate values found in %r: %s' % (enumeration, alias_details)) return enumeration def _decompose(flag, value): """ Extract all members from the value. """ # _decompose is only called if the value is not named not_covered = value negative = value < 0 members = [] for member in flag: member_value = member.value if member_value and member_value & value == member_value: members.append(member) not_covered &= ~member_value if not negative: tmp = not_covered while tmp: flag_value = 2 ** _high_bit(tmp) if flag_value in flag._value2member_map_: members.append(flag._value2member_map_[flag_value]) not_covered &= ~flag_value tmp &= ~flag_value if not members and value in flag._value2member_map_: members.append(flag._value2member_map_[value]) members.sort(key=lambda m: m._value_, reverse=True) if len(members) > 1 and members[0].value == value: # we have the breakdown, don't need the value member itself members.pop(0) return members, not_covered